Labour market information: Romania

According to provisional data from the 2021 Population and Housing Census, provided by the National Institute of Statistics, Romania's resident population is 19.05 million people.

According to the Labour Force Ledger as of 1 January 2022, the active civilian population amounted to 7.6 million persons, of which 5.5 million persons were employees. Most of the employees were working in the services sector (3.5 million people), while 1.85 million persons were employed in industry and construction. The number of employees in agriculture, forestry and fisheries was 0.1 million persons. In 2022, the employment rate of the active population was 62.3%, with a higher rate for men (66.8%, compared to 57.4% for women).

After a better than expected 2022, Romania's economy will slow down, similar to the global and European trend, followed by an acceleration supported by investments. According to European Commission estimates, real GDP growth will be around 2% in 2023 and 2024 due to high inflation, tighter financial conditions and other international factors. Economic growth is supported in the medium term by the construction and investment sectors, based on inflows of European funds.

Two different sets of data concerning the unemployment rate are calculated in Romania. The ILO unemployment rate is calculated by the National Institute of Statistics using the definition provided by the International Labour Organization. In March 2023, this rate was 5.4%, accounting for 453 000 unemployed persons.

The rate of registered unemployment, determined by the ANOFM, is calculated on the basis of the number of unemployed persons registered in the ANOFM database. At national level, at the end of March 2023, this rate was 3%, corresponding to 236 700 registered unemployed persons.

Romania is divided into eight administrative regions: North-West, Centre, North-East, South-East, South-Muntenia, Bucharest-Ilfov, South-West Oltenia and West. Each region has certain specific features with regard to its economic structure, which is why certain sectors play a predominant role in the development of each region.

At the end of March 2023, the highest rates of registered unemployment were recorded in the South-West (5.6%) and the North-East (4.3%) regions. The lowest rates of registered unemployment were recorded in Bucharest (0.9%) and the West region (1.6%).

Main types of businesses on the labour market: Companies (limited liability companies (SRL), joint-stock companies (SA), partnerships (SNC), simple partnerships (SCS), joint-stock partnerships (SCA)), sole traders (PFA), individual businesses and family businesses.

The main categories of employers are multinational companies, profit/non-profit state-owned companies, private companies and NGOs. In March 2023, according to data from the National Employment Agency, the largest employers by number of employees are: National Railway Company CFR SA, Romanian Post National Company SA, Kaufland Romania, National Forests Administration, SC Automobile Dacia SA AG, Profi Rom Food SRL, SC Dedeman SRL, SC Mega Image SRL, SC Lidl Discount SRL, Oltenia Sud Energy Complex.

Main types of employment contracts: Individual employment contracts may be fixed-term or permanent, with full-time or part-time working hours.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics, National Commission for Strategy and Prognosis.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies at national level were registered in the following occupations: unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, couriers, commercial workers, unskilled construction workers, security guards, goods handlers, drivers for road freight transport, assistant cooks, salespersons, and unskilled workers in the ready-made-garment industry.

According to data from the National Employment Agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number of unemployed persons: unskilled agricultural workers, unskilled workers for packing solid and semi-solid products, unskilled workers for building demolition, wall linings, mosaic, wall and floor tiling, parquet flooring, unskilled workers for road, highway, bridge and dam maintenance, goods handlers, loaders/unloaders, farmers, commercial workers, locksmiths and salespersons.

The North-East region is an area where history, culture and tradition complement the stunning natural environment. This is the largest development region in Romania, in terms of population and area. It includes the following counties: Bacău, Botoșani, Iași, Neamț, Suceava and Vaslui.

The North-East region is the region with the most inhabitants in Romania. According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2022, the resident population of the region was 3.2 million people.

As of 1 January 2022, according to the Labour Force Ledger, 965 300 persons were in civilian employment, representing 49.3% of the region's labour resources.

The rate of registered unemployment as of 31 March 2023 was 4.3%, corresponding to 43 400 unemployed persons.

With three universities in the North-East region, the labour force in this region is highly skilled and has an adequate level of education.

Benefiting from a rich historical, cultural and spiritual tradition, the region is a harmonious combination of tradition and modernity, past and present, and its potential could be used for the development of infrastructure, rural areas, tourism and human resources. Thanks to its skilled workforce, the region is one of the best areas for investment.

In terms of participation in the main economic activities, the share of civilian employment is 17.1% in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, 51.5% in services and 31.4% in industry and construction.

According to the ANOFM's statistical data from the end of March 2023, the region's largest employers by number of employees are: SC Dedeman SRL – Bacău, St Spiridon County Emergency Hospital – Iași, Amazon Development Center, SC TEHNOSTRADE SRL, Al.I. Cuza University – Iaşi, TRW Airbag Systems SRL, Agricola International SA, SC Borgwarner Romania SRL – Iaşi, SC Aerostar SA – Bacău, SC Industries Yield SRL – Bacău.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics (Labour Force Ledger), Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration, National Commission for Strategy and Prognosis.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies were registered in the following occupations: unskilled construction workers, drivers for road freight transport, security guards, commercial workers, assistant cooks, car and van drivers, salespersons, unskilled workers in the ready-made-garment industry, and unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts.

According to data from the National Employment Agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number of unemployed persons: unskilled agricultural workers, unskilled packers of solid and semi-solid products, unskilled workers for road, highway, bridge and dam maintenance, unskilled worker for building demolition, wall linings, mosaic, wall and floor tiling, parquet flooring, locksmiths, salespersons, unskilled workers in forestry and goods handlers.

The South-East region, the second largest in the country, includes the following counties: Brăila, Buzău, Constanța, Galați, Tulcea and Vrancea.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2022, the resident population of the region was 2.36 million people. There is a high level of ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity in this region, which has various communities (Russian, Greek, Turkish, Tatar, etc.).

As of 1 January 2022, according to the Labour Force Ledger, 837 400 persons were in civilian employment, representing 57.3% of the region's labour resources.

The rate of registered unemployment as of 31 March 2023 was 4%, corresponding to 35 000 unemployed persons.

In terms of participation in the main economic activities, the share of civilian employment is 14% in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, is predominant in services (52.4%) and amounts to 33.6% in industry and construction.

Agriculture is an important part of this region's economy. This region has the largest area of vineyards in the country. Fisheries and aquaculture, together with fish processing and trading in fish and fish products, are activities with a long tradition in the region.

This region also has a diversified industry: petrochemical, metallurgy, manufacture of machinery, building materials, food and textiles. This region has several important industrial centres, including: steel and petrochemical plants, pulp and paper mills, bakeries, the Năvodari petrochemical plant, the Cernavodă nuclear power plant. Another important sector for this region, with a high number of employees, is the shipbuilding sector, operating at five shipyards in Brăila, Galați, Tulcea, Mangalia and Constanța.

According to the ANOFM's statistical data, at the end of March 2023, the region's largest employers by number of employees are: SC Liberty Galaţi SA, County Emergency Hospital Constanța, SC Vard Tulcea SA, Arabesque SRL - Galaţi, Damen Shipyards Mangalia, SC Aaylex One SRL - Buzău, Dunărea de Jos University, Vrancart SA, Clinica Sante SRL - Buzău, Polaris Holding SRL - Constanţa.

The particularity of the South-East Region is the disparity between the hubs of industrial and tertiary activities (Brăila - Galați, Constanța - Năvodari), the combined industrial centres (Buzău, Focșani), tourist areas (the Black Sea coast and the Danube Delta) and the vast areas covered by agricultural crops and vineyards.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics (Labour Force Ledger), Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies were registered in the following occupations: unskilled construction workers, security guards, goods handlers, assistant cooks, commercial workers, kitchen workers, unskilled workers in the ready-made-garment industry, unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, gardening and horticulture workers, and salespersons.

According to data from the National Employment Agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number of unemployed persons: unskilled agricultural workers, unskilled workers for packing solid and semi-solid products, loaders/unloaders, unskilled workers for building demolition, wall linings, mosaic, wall and floor tiling, parquet flooring, unskilled workers for road, highway, bridge and dam maintenance, agricultural mechanics, salespersons, locksmiths, hotel maids, and goods handlers.

The South-Muntenia region includes the following counties: Argeș, Călărași, Dâmbovița, Giurgiu, Ialomița, Prahova and Teleorman.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2022, the resident population of the region was 2.85 million inhabitants.

As of 1 January 2022, according to the Labour Force Ledger, 945 000 persons were in civilian employment, representing 53.4% of the region's labour resources.

The rate of registered unemployment as of 31 March 2023 was 3.9%, corresponding to 38 600 unemployed persons.

The region is characterised by: a vast communications network, with connections all across Europe, natural resources and a variety of raw materials, many well-developed branches of industry (chemical and petrochemical sector, automotive, construction materials, metallurgy, furniture, textiles), well-developed agriculture, tourism and agri-tourism, highly skilled labour force in a wide range of fields.

The presence of the Danube in the south of this region connects it to the eight countries crossed by this river, and the Danube-Black Sea Channel connects it to the Black Sea and the port of Constanța, Romania's main maritime gateway. The location of Bucharest, the capital of Romania, in the centre of this region, even if it is not a part of it, is another significant advantage, due to its social and institutional infrastructure.

In terms of participation in the main economic activities, the share of civilian employment is 15.8% in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, is predominant in services (47.7%) and amounts to 36.5% in industry and construction.

The most important comparative advantages of this region include:

• access to the main airport in the country, Henri Coandă Airport in Bucharest;
• sections of the European transport corridors IV and IX, the presence of motorways A1 (Bucharest – Pitești), A2 (Bucharest – Constanța) and A3 (Bucharest – Ploiești), as well as modernised national and European road networks;
• land suitable for organic farming.

According to the ANOFM's statistical data, at the end of March 2023, the region's largest employers by number of employees are: SC Automobile Dacia SA, SC Adient Automotive Romania, SC Lear Corporation Romania, Yazaki România SRL, SC Lidl Discount SRL, SC Arctic SA, SC Leoni Wiring Systems Pitești, AquilaPart Prod Com SRL, SC Faurecia Romania SRL, Ploiești County Emergency Hospital.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics (Labour Force Ledger), Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies were registered in the following occupations: commercial workers, unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, security guards, unskilled construction workers, drivers for road freight transport, goods handlers, unskilled workers in the ready-made garments industry, car and van drivers, and salespersons.

According to data from the National Employment agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number of unemployed persons: unskilled packers of solid and semi-solid products, unskilled workers for building demolition, wall linings, mosaic, wall and floor tiling, parquet flooring, unskilled agricultural workers, unskilled workers for road, highway, bridge and dam maintenance, unskilled packers of products in powder and granular form, locksmiths, commercial workers, manual packers, and goods handlers.

The South-West Oltenia region includes the following counties: Dolj, Gorj, Mehedinți, Olt and Vâlcea.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2022 the resident population of the region was 1.87 million inhabitants.

As of 1 January 2022, according to the Labour Force Ledger, 657 600 persons were in civilian employment, representing 55.5% of the region's labour resources.

The rate of registered unemployment as of 31 March 2023 was 5.6%, corresponding to 39 200 unemployed persons.

In terms of participation in the main economic activities, the share of civilian employment is 17% in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, is predominant in services (48.2%) and amounts to 34.8% in industry and construction.

Agriculture plays an important role in the region, with over 1 million hectares dedicated to growing cereals, oil plants, vegetables and fruits, potatoes and sugar beet and vines.

The main industries in this region are: the metallurgical industry (the largest aluminium manufacturer in Central and East Europe and the only aluminium manufacturer in Romania - ALRO Slatina), the electro-technical industry, energy production (represented by the Oltenia Energy Complex), automotive industry, car and tractor manufacturing, the chemicals industry (Oltchim SA), the food industry, light industry and building materials manufacturing, shipbuilding.

Some other important features of the region: Craiova has a long-standing tradition as a university town. The local transport infrastructure is diversified (road, railways, waterways, Craiova International Airport). A highly diverse natural capital, it has a variety of reliefs and it is located near the hydrographic basins of the Olt, Jiu and Danube rivers. Tourism plays an important role in the local economy.

According to the ANOFM's statistical data, at the end of March 2023, the region's largest employers by number of employees are: Oltenia Sud Energy Complex, SC Pirelli Tyres Romania SRL, Artrom Steel Tubes SA, County Emergency Hospital Craiova, Civitas PSG SA, SC Alro SA, SC Vel Pitar SA, DGRFP Craiova, SC Moveos SRL, TMG Guard SRL, Craiova University.

The region has a diversified tourism potential, including mountain hiking, cave exploration, spa tourism, ecotourism, natural parks, and religious tourism.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics (Labour Force Ledger), Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies were registered in the following occupations: unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, unskilled construction workers, unskilled workers in the ready-made-garment industry, industrial garment workers, security guards, assistant cooks, locksmiths, commercial workers, administrators and goods handlers.

According to data from the National Employment agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number of unemployed persons: unskilled agricultural workers, unskilled workers for road, highway, bridge and dam maintenance, unskilled workers for building demolition, wall linings, mosaic, wall and floor tiling, parquet flooring, locksmiths, unskilled packers of solid and semi-solid products, agricultural mechanics, farmers, car mechanics, salespersons and goods handlers.

The West region includes the following counties: Arad, Caraș Severin, Hunedoara and Timiș.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2022 the resident population of the region was 1.67 million inhabitants. This population's multi-ethnic character is reflected in the education system, which uses the languages of the ethnic minorities or an international language.

As of 1 January 2022, according to the Labour Force Ledger, 749 400 persons were in civilian employment, representing 65.7% of the region's labour resources.

The rate of registered unemployment as of 31 March 2023 was 1.6%, corresponding to 12 600 unemployed persons.

In terms of participation in the main economic activities, the share of civilian employment is 37.4% in industry and construction, while civilian employment in agriculture, forestry and fishing is 10% and is predominant in services (52.6%).

The West region has significant competitive advantages compared to other regions in Romania. The soil and climate conditions in the region are favourable to efficient farming. Moreover, there is strong interest from EU investors in the agricultural land available in this region, where organic products for export are produced.

The main industries present in this region are: food industry, electrical machinery and equipment, freight and passenger rail transport, furniture, car equipment, manufacture of heavy machinery, clothing, knitwear and footwear, mining, steel and metallurgy.

The services industry has an important share, the main branches being commerce, transport, warehousing, communications and tourism. The region is connected to Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro by European highways, roads and railways. The cities of Arad and Timişoara have airports with modern air traffic flow capacities.

According to ANOFM's statistical data, at the end of March 2023, the region's largest employers by number of employees are: SC Profi Rom Food SRL, SC Continental Automotive Romania, SE Bordnetze SRL, Hella Romania, County Emergency Hospital Timiş, SC Leoni Wiring Systems Arad, APTIV Technology Services, SC Flextronics Romania SRL, SC TRW Automotive Safety Sys, Sews Romania Deva, Hunedoara Energy Complex.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics (Labour Force Ledger), Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies were registered in the following occupations: unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, unskilled construction workers, goods handlers, subassembly fitters, commercial workers, security guards, drivers for road freight transport, operators of semi-automatic and automatic machine tools, and couriers.

According to data from the National Employment agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number of unemployed persons: unskilled agricultural workers, unskilled workers for building demolition, wall linings, mosaic, wall and floor tiling, parquet flooring, unskilled packers of solid and semi-solid products, unskilled workers for road, highway, bridge and dam maintenance, personal assistants for severely disabled persons, goods handlers, salespersons, commercial workers, and unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts.

The North-West region includes the following counties: Bihor, Bistrița Năsăud, Cluj, Maramureș, Satu Mare and Sălaj. It is one of the most picturesque regions in Romania, because it includes the beautiful Apuseni Mountains with their unique charm and the exquisite cultural heritage of a number of ethnographic areas which are unique in this part of Europe.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2022, the resident population of the region is 2.52 million inhabitants. Northern Transylvania is a multiethnic region, where Romanians, Hungarians, Germans, Armenians, Roma, etc. live together, which has led to the creation of a unique cultural identity.

As of 1 January 2022, according to the Labour Force Ledger, 1.07 million persons were in civilian employment, representing 65.4% of the region's labour resources.

In terms of participation in the main economic activities, the share of civilian employment in agriculture, forestry and fisheries is 10.5%, while civilian employment is 38.4% in industry and construction and 51% in services.

The rate of registered unemployment as of 31 March 2023 was 2.2 %, corresponding to 24 000 unemployed persons.

Almost all industrial sectors are represented in this region, as are a large number of foreign companies, some of which are based in the industrial parks set up in this region, in Tetarom Cluj, Borș, Jibou, Satu Mare, Bistrița, Turda, etc. The region has the second highest number of ICT companies in Romania, Cluj ranking second in the country, after Bucharest, as a service provider in this industry.

There are 16 higher education institutions, both state-owned and private, most of which are based in Cluj-Napoca and Oradea. Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj is the best ranked university

in Romania on the international level. The region has five technology transfer centres, covering a wide range of sectors, from biomass and alternative fuels to ITC technology and equipment manufacturing, as well as fifteen clusters (in a variety of sectors, such as ITC, furniture, energy, agriculture or cosmetics).

Seven European roads cross the region, which has a motorway under construction, and three international airports. The infrastructure enables access to the exceptional tourist attractions and tourism resources: thermal waters and salt mines, mountain resorts, cultural and historical heritage, historical fortresses and monuments, the fortified churches of Transylvania and the wooden churches of Maramureș (UNESCO monuments), etc. There are more than 170 protected natural areas.

According to the ANOFM's statistical data, at the end of March 2023, the region's largest employers by number of employees are: Banca Transilvania SA, Distribuţie Energie Electrică SA, SC Aramis Invest SRL, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj, Oradea Clinical County Hospital, DeLonghi Romania, Endava Romania SRL, SC Unicarm SRL, SC Emerson SRL, SC ZOLLNER Electronics SRL.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics (Labour Force Ledger), Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration, National Commission for Strategy and Prognosis.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies were registered in the following occupations: drivers for road freight transport, unskilled construction workers, unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, operators of industrial robots, commercial workers, unskilled packers of solid and semi-solid products, security guards, couriers, and goods handlers.

According to data from the National Employment agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number of unemployed persons: unskilled agricultural workers, unskilled packers of solid and semi-solid products, unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, loaders/unloaders, unskilled workers for building demolition, wall linings, mosaic, wall and floor tiling, parquet flooring, goods handlers, personal assistants for severely disabled persons, commercial workers, and salespersons.

The Centre region comprises six counties: Alba, Brașov, Covasna, Harghita, Mureș and Sibiu.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2022 the resident population of the region was 2.27 million inhabitants.

The Centre region is characterised by great ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity. The region is one of the most urbanised regions of the country, after Bucharest-Ilfov Region and the West. The Centre region provides very good tertiary education for specialists in forestry and wood processing, at the two specialised schools of the University of Brașov.

As of 1 January 2022, according to the Labour Force Ledger, 963.9 million persons were in civilian employment, representing 66.3% of the region's labour resources.

The main sector in which the civilian population is employed is the services sector (51.1%), followed by the industry and construction sector (39.8%). The employment rate in the agricultural sector is 9.1%, which is below the national average.

The rate of registered unemployment as of 31 March 2023 was 3.1%, corresponding to 30 700 unemployed persons.

The industrial profile is more pronounced in the counties of Braşov and Sibiu. The industrial profile of the region is dominated by the automotive, metalworking, food processing, wood processing and light industries. A rapidly developing field is the IT sector, and recently, the aeronautical industry concentrated around Brașov is experiencing a revival. Currently, the automotive industry, the aeronautical industry, IT and the pharmaceutical industry are the main areas attracting foreign investment in the Centre Region.

In the services sector, the sectors with the highest growth rates are telecommunications, transport (in particular road and air transport), finances and banking and insurance.

The diverse mountain landscape, the ethnic heritage and local customs, the historic and architectural monuments and the museums present in this region make it one of the traditional areas of culture and civilisation and one of the traditional tourist areas. The main types of tourism in this region are mountain tourism, spa tourism, cultural tourism and agri-tourism.

According to the ANOFM's statistical data, at the end of March 2023, the region's largest employers by number of employees are: SC Autoliv Romania SRL, SNGN Romgaz SA, Delgaz Grid SA, Selgros Cash & Carry SRL, County Clinical Emergency Hospital Tg. Mureş, SNTGN Transgaz SA, SC Bosch Automotive SRL, SC Continental Automotive Systems, SC Preh Romania SRL, MSE – Majorel Strategy&Expertise SRL.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics (Labour Force Ledger), Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration, National Commission for Strategy and Prognosis.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies were registered in the following occupations: unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, unskilled construction workers, commercial workers, salespersons, goods handlers, security guards, drivers for road freight transport, and unskilled workers in the ready-made-garment industry.

According to data from the National Employment agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number unemployed persons: unskilled packers of solid and semi-solid products, unskilled agricultural workers, goods handlers, loaders/unloaders, unskilled workers in the ready-made garments industry, unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, and manual packers.

The Bucharest-Ilfov region includes Ilfov County and the city of Bucharest.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2022, the resident population of the region was 2.27 million inhabitants, distributed inversely proportional to the size of the two administrative entities. Bucharest is Romania’s largest urban agglomeration, with a population of 2.16 million inhabitants. Ilfov County is one of the smaller counties in the country, with a density of 302 inhabitants/km².

As of 1 January 2022, according to the Labour Force Ledger, 1.4 million persons were in civilian employment, representing 88.5% of the region's labour resources.

The unemployment rate as of 31 March 2023 was 0.9 %, the lowest at national level, with 13 300 unemployed persons.

Bucharest-Ilfov is the most developed region in Romania, with the highest GDP per capita in the country, at EUR 49 200, representing 164% of the European average (EU27) according to Eurostat 2022, based on 2020 data. Due to the opportunities provided by the capital city, the employed population tends to have a high level of training and qualifications.

In terms of participation in the main economic activities, the share of civilian employment in services predominates (73.2%), while the share of employment is 25.7% in industry and construction and only 1.1% in agriculture. Services generate the largest number of jobs.

For the most part, the economy of the region is dominated by the functions of the capital. The active population of the region is associated with the units that carry out their activity there. All industrial branches are present in the region, since Bucharest-Ilfov represents the main industrial agglomeration in the country.  At the same time, trade, storage activities, distribution, administration and communal management, and constructions have also evolved rapidly. Due to the presence of Bucharest, the Bucharest-Ilfov region is the most important national and international road, rail and air transport node of the country, characterised by a high degree of accessibility. Henri Coandă International Airport is the largest international airport in the country.

The economic environment in the region is attractive as a result of direct investments, the existing institutional structure, a skilled workforce and a communications system which is more developed than in other regions in the country.

According to ANOFM's statistical data, at the end of March 2023, the region's largest employers by number of employees are: National Railway Company CFR SA, Romanian Post National Company SA, Kaufland Romania, National Forests Administration, SC Mega Image SRL, SNTFC CFR Călători, Bucharest Transport Company, Carrefour Romania SA, RCS SA, SC Auchan Romania SA.

Sources: National Employment Agency, National Institute of Statistics (Labour Force Ledger, Statistical Yearbook), Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration.

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According to ANOFM data, in the first quarter of 2023, most vacancies were registered in the following occupations: unskilled construction workers, couriers, secretaries, goods handlers, unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, commercial workers, assistant cooks, security guards, and service staff in offices, hotels and other institutions.

According to data from the National Employment Agency, at the end of March 2023, the following occupations registered the highest number of unemployed persons: commercial workers, goods handlers, car and van drivers, unskilled workers for the assembly and installation of parts, building caretakers, personal assistants for severely disabled persons, service staff in offices, hotels and other institutions, and salespersons.